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INDONESIAN CULTURE - Demographic Indonesia
Population of Indonesia has increased from 119.208 million in 1971 to 147,5 million in 1980 to 179,3 million in 1990 and 203 to 456 000 in 2000. Meanwhile, the fertility rate dropped from 4.6 billion to 3.3 women; The crude death rate was reduced at a rate of 2.3 per cent per year; and infant mortality decreased from 90.3 per thousand live births to 58. It is expected that the fertility rate to be hundred fall 2.1 in a decade, but the total population is expected to reach 253.7 million in 2020. From the middle of the 20th century, the population of Indonesia was largely rural, but at the beginning of the 21st century, 20 percent live in cities and three in five people farm.
Cities, both in the inner and outer islands have grown rapidly, and now there are twenty-six cities of more than 200,000. Just as in life with developing countries, the population of Indonesia is still young. The above patterns are national, but ethnic and regional differences. The population has grown at a different pace in different areas, due to factors such as economic conditions and levels of living, nutrition, availability and effectiveness of programs of health and family planning and the cultural values and practices.
The migration also plays a role in the fluctuations of the population. Increased permanent or seasonal migration to the cities with economic development in the years 1980 and 1990, but also a considerable migration there are the areas rural as places people like South Sulawesi for work or agricultural productive opportunities in Sumatra Kalimantan central and Eastern are.
linguistic filiation. Almost all the languages of Indonesia 300-400 are subsets of Austronesian Malaysia, which stretches across the Philippines, North of the different peoples of the Hill of Viet Nam and Taiwan, and Polynesia, including the people of Hawaii and the maori (New Zealand). Indonesia languages are not mutually intelligible, but some are more similar than other subgroups (as the Romance languages of Europe are closer together than with the Germanic ones, although both are Indo-European family). Some linguistic subgroups have sub-sub-groups, which are not mutually intelligible, and life have local dialects. Two languages: one in the North of Halmahera, a non-austronesio Western Timor and, as Basque in Europe are not related to other known languages. Moreover, the numerous languages of Papua are not austronesio.
first language people most is local. In 1923, however, the Malay language (now known as Bahasa Malaysia in Malaysia, where it is the official language) was adopted as the national language, at a Congress of the Indonesian nationalists, although only a small minority in Sumatra across the Strait of Malacca spoken it as a mother tongue. However, the logic for two reasons.
First, Malay was a long trade organizations and governmental lingua franca between different peoples. Ethnically diverse merchants and Malay become neighbors in the ports and the interior of the country known as "Malaysia market." In its colonial simplified grammatical form
A row of houses Toraja tongkona in the village of Pallava. The Buffalo horns attached to batteries in support of the massive facade of reviews these houses are a sign of wealth and reputation.
A row of houses Toraja tongkona in the village of Pallava. The Buffalo horns attached to batteries in support of the massive facade of reviews these houses are a sign of wealth and reputation.
The Governments of British Malaysia and the Dutch East Indies to put alto-malayo in official documents and negotiations and the missionaries Christians first translated the Bible into this language.
Secondly, ed from various parts of the archipelago saw the value of a national language is not associated with the largest group, the Javanese. Bahasa Indonesia is the language of government, courts, schools, literary arts and films, and interethnic communication, print and electronic media. It is increasingly important for young people and to youth slang. In homes, is often spoken of the family, with Indonesian language to convert outside the house in the multi-ethnic areas. (In more unilingual regions of Java, Javanese also serves outside the home.) Native languages are not converting for instruction after the third grade in some rural areas. Native literature not find because they were in colonial times. live with people who complain about the weakening of the indigenous languages, which are rich links to the indigenous cultures, and fear their loss to the modernization, but little is done to maintain them. The old and small generation of educated Indonesians spoke Dutch is passing away. Dutch is not known to most young and middle-aged people, including students and teachers of history that can not read much of the feature history of the archipelago. English is the official second language taught in schools and universities, with varying success.
Symbolism. The national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, an old Javanese expression usually adapted as "unity in diversity." The nation's official ideology, first formulated by President Sukarno in 1945, the Pancasila, or five principles: belief in one supreme God, just and civilized humanity, Indonesian unity, sovereignty of the people governed eats through wise policy through consultation and representation; and social justice for all Indonesian people. Indonesia was defined from the start as the heir to the Netherlands Indies. Although West Papua remained under Dutch until 1962, Indonesia conducted a successful international campaign to secure it. Indonesian occupation of the former Portuguese East Timor in 1975, never recognized by the United Nations in conflict with the founding idea of the nation. After two decades of bitter struggle since Indonesia themilitary.
Since 1950, the national anthem and other songs were sung by children across the country to start the school day; officials at-flag raising ceremonies; over the radio to begin broadcasting and near; in cinemas and on television; and National Day celebrations. Radio and television, government-owned and controlled for much of the second half of the twentieth century produced nationalize programs as diverse as the Indonesian language classes, regional and ethnic dances and songs, and plays on national themes. Officially recognized "national heroes" from various regions are honored in school texts and biographies and images for their struggle against the Dutch; Some regions local monumentalizing heroes of their own.
